Step 1 First Aid Rapid Practice Test

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HER2/neu is a proto-oncogene that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase in the EGFR familyWhich description best fits HER2/neu (c-erbB2)?

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Atypical lymphocytes reactive CD8+ are seen in infection with which virus?
Which translocation results in c-myc fusion?
Stomach ulcers with high gastrin levels are most characteristic of which syndrome?
The stapedius muscle is innervated by which nerve?
What is the recommended treatment for carbon monoxide overdose?
Negative predictive value is defined as
What are the two proteins encoded by TSC1 and TSC2?
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is most commonly inherited as which pattern?
Which compound is directly produced from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin upon UV exposure?
Which of the following best describes the neurological and hematologic findings in vitamin E deficiency?
Which is a common adverse effect of phenytoin?
Yolk sac tumors are a germ cell tumor associated with elevated levels of which marker?
Yawning is a withdrawal symptom associated with which substance?
Which statement about thiopental is true?
A commonly diagnosed cause of primary amenorrhea is which chromosomal abnormality?
Which molecule mediates leukocyte rolling in inflammatory extravasation?
Which gynecologic malignancy is most common worldwide?
Which mechanism best describes Type I hypersensitivity?
Which mechanism underlies acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis histology shows which feature?
In chronic gout treatment, which drug increases uric acid excretion in urine?
Direct inguinal hernias exit through which structure?
Carboxyhemoglobinemia is characterized by which pattern of PaO2 and SaO2?
Where does negative selection primarily occur in the thymus?
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is produced by approximately 70% of which cancers?
Which drug is the first-line targeted therapy for CML?
Pilocytic astrocytoma characteristically expresses which intermediate filament protein?
Which medication is used to manage symptoms in carcinoid syndrome?
Which statement defines linkage disequilibrium?
Ewing sarcoma is associated with which chromosomal translocation?
Which enzyme is most closely associated with destabilizing the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque?
Ethosuximide is primarily effective for absence seizures because it blocks which channels?
Which statement best describes a teratogenic risk related to iodine exposure?
Adrenal hemorrhage with DIC and shock is characteristic of which syndrome?
VHL inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor I alpha. Which disease is caused by VHL mutations?
Which prenatal intervention reduces neural tube defect risk?
Which of the following is an initial treatment option for an acute gout attack?
Which hip ligament resists anterior displacement of the hip and helps prevent hyperextension?
Classic galactosemia results from deficiency of which enzyme?
Roth spots are retinal hemorrhages with pale centers and are classically seen in which condition?
First-line pharmacotherapy for hypercholesterolemia to reduce LDL is which drug?
L-myc is best described as which of the following?
Herring bodies are characteristic of which part of the pituitary?
Which statement about direct and indirect inguinal hernias is true?
Which of the following options lists the stop codons?
Where is a lumbar puncture typically performed?
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum are called which of the following?
Maltose is composed of which monosaccharides?
In the Starling equation, which parameter is the reflection coefficient?
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are typically treated with which of the following?
S-100 is a marker for which tumors?
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is best described as which pattern of inheritance?
Filtration fraction is defined as which ratio?
Which statement describes Th17 cell cytokine production?
Acute promyelocytic leukemia is associated with which balanced translocation?
Yawning is a withdrawal symptom associated with which substance?
Mutations in which gene are associated with MEN 1?
Which of the following is a standard pharmacologic therapy for Crohn disease?
Which statement about IL-5 is NOT true?
Which muscle prevents food from entering the nose during swallowing?
Which teratogen classically causes absent fingers and toes in the fetus?
Recurrent candida infections suggest deficiency of which enzyme?
Copper overdose is treated with which agent?
Wilms tumor is a pediatric kidney tumor associated with mutations in which gene?
During embryology, which structure gives rise to the ductus arteriosus and the pulmonary arteries?
Diagnostic X-ray exposure during pregnancy is teratogenic, with risk of microcephaly and intellectual disability, hence the use of lead shielding. Which outcome is associated with fetal exposure?
Which statement about aortic dissection is correct?
Auspitz sign is best described as which finding?
Tapping the facial nerve provoking facial muscle spasm indicates which electrolyte abnormality?
Primary hyperaldosteronism is most commonly due to what lesion?
Neutrophil apoptosis at an inflammatory site typically contributes to the formation of what?
Basal ganglia atrophy is a feature associated with which disorder?
Which medication is a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor used in BPH?
The t(14;18) translocation in follicular lymphoma activates which anti-apoptotic oncogene?
In Type I hypersensitivity reactions, which drug association is IgE-dependent?
Leuprolide is used as a continuous GnRH agonist in which conditions?
What is the normal function of RB protein?
Which drug is the targeted therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia due to BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase?
Chronic lithium therapy can cause which renal abnormality, treatable with a thiazide diuretic?
Wrist drop results from radial nerve injury and is commonly associated with damage to which artery?
Dialysis-related amyloidosis can contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome by compressing which nerve?
In the Starling equation for capillary exchange, KF denotes what?
Condylomata lata are a hallmark of which stage of syphilis?
PNMT catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla. This enzyme's activity is dependent on high levels of which hormone?
Strawberry tongue is a classic finding in which condition?
Which teratogen is associated with neural tube defects?
Skin hyperpigmentation with hypotension and fatigue is most consistent with which condition?
Which condition features delayed umbilical cord separation and lack of pus with neutrophilia due to absent integrin function?
Which feature best differentiates schizotypal personality disorder from schizoid?
Which antibiotic is specifically recommended for meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which HLA type is most strongly associated with celiac disease?
Which area does the median cutaneous nerve supply for sensation?
Bilateral acoustic schwannomas are a hallmark of which neurocutaneous syndrome?
In a hip dislocation, which structures are in danger?
In a right-dominant heart, which artery typically gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery?
Which pair constitutes the B cell class switching signal with T cell?
Which osteoporosis treatment is an anabolic agent?
Mesna is co-administered with cyclophosphamide to protect the kidneys from metabolites of which drug?
What is a standard initial management for SIADH?
Essential fructosuria is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
Which MEN syndrome is characterized by mucosal neuromas and a marfanoid habitus?
Antibodies against the hemidesmosome cause which blistering disease?
Nicotine withdrawal is typically characterized by which symptoms?
ADH receptor actions?
Where is a subdural hematoma located?
Methylphenidate is used for ADHD and works by which mechanism?
Optochin sensitivity test distinguishes Streptococcus pneumoniae from viridans streptococci. Which organism is sensitive to optochin?
Cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, and bronchospasm with right-sided cardiac lesions and elevated 5-HIAA describe which syndrome?
HLA-B27 is associated with which group of diseases?
Desmopressin is used to treat which condition due to its effect on Factor VIII and vWF?
DCC is a tumor suppressor gene discussed as Deleted in Colon Cancer. It is primarily associated with which cancer?
Alkaptonuria is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
Which equation expresses mean arterial pressure using diastolic and systolic pressures?
Which nerve supplies sensation to the posterior one-third of the tongue?
Dopamine regulation of prolactin?
Which region is classically involved in HSV-1 encephalitis?
Which teratogen is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the United States?
During wound healing, granulation tissue contains fibroblasts producing which collagen type initially?
Which antimalarial drug is primarily active against blood-stage parasites and not effective against liver hypnozoites?
Which symptom group is characteristic of organophosphate poisoning due to cholinesterase inhibition?
Which renal cells sense low NaCl delivery to the distal tubule and trigger renin release?
Which of the following drugs blocks sodium channels and is a standard treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?
Alveolar gas equation for PAO2 is which of the following?
Regulatory T cells express which transcription factor?
Winged scapula results from injury to which nerve that innervates the serratus anterior?
Which teratogen is linked to Ebstein's anomaly (apical displacement of the tricuspid valve)?
Haptoglobin levels are decreased in which conditions?
Anti-U1 RNP antibodies are most strongly associated with which condition?
The lines of Zahn are best described as which of the following?
Rovsing sign is a clinical finding associated with which condition?
Panacinar emphysema is typically associated with which condition?
APC is a tumor suppressor gene implicated in which cancer, especially in its familial form?
Prostatic carcinoma is graded primarily by which criterion?
Cherry-red spots on the macula are characteristic of which disease?
Thiamine (vitamin B1) serves as a cofactor for which mitochondrial enzyme complex?
Which feature best differentiates substance-induced psychotic disorders from primary psychotic disorders?
Loss of heterozygosity is best explained by which model?
An ejection click is most classic for which valvular disease?
Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys is typical of which dystrophy?
BMI threshold for underweight in anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following is the correct maintenance dose formula?
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia is most commonly caused by which condition?
Which vitamin is supplemented in high-risk pregnancies to reduce neural tube defects?
In a young healthy adult with recurrent chest pain and no cardiac findings, what is the most likely diagnosis and management?
Poison ivy contact dermatitis is which type of hypersensitivity?
Which mutation is associated with MEN2B?
Which statement about p53 is true?
Which clinical feature is classically associated with Graves disease, a common form of hyperthyroidism?
Which agent is used as an immunomodulator to maintain remission in Crohn disease?
Which of the following best describes essential tremor?
Jaundice with a palpable distended non-tender gallbladder indicates which sign of distal biliary obstruction?
Which statement correctly distinguishes unfractionated heparin from low molecular weight heparin?
Inspiration is primarily driven by which muscle?
Which feature is characteristic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
Episodic vertigo, tinnitus, and sensorineural hearing loss due to excess endolymph in the inner ear define which disorder?
Kluver-Bucy syndrome results from bilateral amygdala lesions and presents with which features?
Overproduction of which component in plasma cell disorders predisposes to AL amyloidosis?
The most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is which?
Which complement components activate mast cell degranulation?
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener) treatment is which combination?
The Philadelphia chromosome is defined by which gene fusion?
Reperfusion after myocardial infarction is associated with which histologic phenomenon?
The BCR-ABL fusion protein is characterized by which activity and clinical association?
Stable angina is relieved by which of the following acute treatments?
Renal clearance equation Cx = (Ux V) / Px uses X = inulin. Which solute is used to measure renal clearance to estimate GFR?
Which treatment is used for Sporothrix schenckii infections?
Langerhans cell histiocytosis shows which immunohistochemical profile?
Tardive dyskinesia is most associated with long-term use of which medication type?
Streptococcus bovis endocarditis management includes evaluation for which cancer?
Temporal arteritis can lead to ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of which artery?
In endometriosis, chocolate cysts frequently involve which organs and what is the usual uterus size?
In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol is associated with which condition?
Pick bodies are intracellular inclusions seen in neurons in which form of dementia?
Fibromuscular dysplasia most commonly affects which demographic?
Two weeks after a group A Streptococcus infection, which serologic marker is typically elevated?
Which statement describes the role of LTB4 in inflammation?
Cocaine (stimulant) withdrawal presents with which of the following?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma is the malignant counterpart of which ovarian tumor?
Which of the following best describes Birbeck granules on electron microscopy?
Radial nerve injury at the midshaft humerus is commonly associated with damage to which artery?
WBC casts in urine are most indicative of which condition?
Shoulder separation typically involves tearing which ligament, sometimes with clavicle fracture, causing a 'piano key' deformity?
Cheyne-Stokes breathing is most commonly observed in which condition?
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is treated with which agent?
Which drug is a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker?
The lymphatic drainage of the testes is primarily to which lymph node group?
Osteopetrosis is sometimes treated with which therapy?
Basophilic stippling on a peripheral smear is most classically associated with poisoning by which metal?
Winter's formula gives the expected pCO2 in metabolic acidosis as:
Which muscles are primarily responsible for lateral rotation of the arm?
Annular pancreas arises from abnormal migration of which bud?
Overdose of beta-blockers is treated with which agent to increase heart rate and contractility?
Chancroid is a painful genital ulcer caused by which organism?
Smith's fracture refers to a distal radius fracture with what displacement?
A sudden, painless loss of vision in one eye with a cherry-red spot on the macula most strongly suggests which diagnosis?
Which disease features segmental vasculitis and digital gangrene and is strongly associated with tobacco use?
Which agent used in alcohol dependence acts as an opioid receptor antagonist?
A translocation t(8;14) is most characteristic of which lymphoma?
Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs are characteristic of which genetic disease?
Which radiographic sign is associated with Crohn disease due to narrowing of the bowel lumen?
Pleiotropy refers to which concept?
How do cancer cells develop resistance to chemotherapy?
Antihistone antibodies are most closely associated with which condition?
Fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis with abnormal curvature are characteristic of which condition?
PDE5 inhibitors treating erectile dysfunction work by which mechanism?
Trastuzumab targets which receptor in breast cancer?
Which agent is NOT typically used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?
PR3-ANCA (c-ANCA) is associated with which condition?
An apple-core lesion on a barium enema is most suggestive of which cancer?
Which therapy is used for osteoporosis prophylaxis?
MHC class I allele HLA3 is associated with which condition?
Bacitracin (PYR) testing differentiates which group of streptococci?
Trendelenburg sign arises from injury to which nerve, causing weakness of which muscles?
Relative erythrocytosis is defined as an increased hematocrit due to decreased plasma volume. Which option best describes this mechanism?
The nerve of the pterygoid canal transmits presynaptic parasympathetic fibers originating from which cranial nerve?
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes is characteristic of which condition?
Low molecular weight heparin predominantly inhibits which coagulation factor via antithrombin III?
The immunophenotype CD5+ and CD20+ B cells is most characteristic of which leukemia?
Which ligament resists posterior displacement of the femoral head?
Red, itchy, swollen rash of the nipple/areola is most suggestive of which condition?
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules in anaerobic infections are due to which organism?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with olanzapine?
Which infection is classically transmitted via blood transfusion?
Which enzymes are used to assess biliary tract function?
Which example best illustrates positive reinforcement?
Mediolateral episiotomy primarily cuts which structure?
Pompe disease (GSD II) is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
WT1/WT2 genes are associated with which tumor?
Factor VIII and von Willebrand factor are produced by which cells?
Piano key deformity is a clinical sign of injury to which joint?
Cyanide poisoning: presenting symptoms and treatment?
Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition is called what?
Transposition of the great vessels is associated with which maternal condition as a teratogenic factor?
Which agent is included in the treatment regimen for chronic hepatitis C?
Horner’s syndrome results from damage to which neural structure?
Which stain shows apple-green birefringence under polarized light with amyloid?
Carbamazepine exposure in pregnancy is associated with which of the following?
Etoposide inhibits which enzyme, preventing the sealing of double-stranded DNA breaks?
Reassortment of genome segments is a property of segmented viruses like influenza; which family does this describe?
What histologic change is seen 1 day after a myocardial infarction?
If a patient experiences severe toxicity from cyclophosphamide, what is the immediate next step?
Abdominal pain with ascites and hepatomegaly suggests which hepatic vascular disorder?
Infertility treatment commonly uses pulsatile GnRH or which ovulation-inducing agent?
Giant cell tumor of bone classically arises in which part of a long bone?
ACE inhibitors during pregnancy can cause fetal injury characterized by which finding?
Koplik spots are pathognomonic for which disease?
Which antibiotic is used for prophylaxis of urinary tract infections?
Hilar lymphadenopathy with peripheral granulomatous lesions in the middle or lower lungs that can calcify is classically described as which finding?
In cavernous sinus pathology due to internal carotid artery hemorrhage, which cranial nerve is most likely affected first?
Orotic aciduria features?
Basophilic nuclear remnants in red blood cells are known as what?
Acute kidney injury due to ischemia or nephrotoxin is best categorized as which type?
Zenker's diverticulum is located at which region?
Which grouping includes Fragile X syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)?
Which immunoglobulins correspond to primary and secondary immune responses?
Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, and cataracts in boys are features of which syndrome?
Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) exerts its anticoagulant effect by enhancing which inhibitor?
Which adverse effect is classically associated with trazodone?
Excess vitamin A during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortions and birth defects such as cleft palate and cardiac anomalies.
DPC4/SMAD4 is a tumor suppressor gene primarily associated with which cancer?
Neurofibrillary tangles and Pick bodies are tau-related inclusions. Which disease is associated with neurofibrillary tangles?
Centriacinar (centrilobular) emphysema is most closely associated with which exposure?
Red urine in the morning, fragile red blood cells, risk of thrombosis and iron deposition is most consistent with which disorder?
Painless erythematous lesions on the palms and soles are called which of the following?
CA 125 is a tumor marker most commonly elevated in which cancer?
Crinkled tissue paper cells are a histologic hallmark of which lysosomal storage disorder?
What is the treatment for osteomalacia due to poor osteoid mineralization?
Nitroblue tetrazolium test result in CGD?
Calf pseudohypertrophy is a classic finding in which muscular dystrophy?
Which carbohydrate is metabolized the fastest?
In children and adolescents, which pathogens are commonly implicated in bacterial meningitis?
Bleeding from the sphenopalatine artery typically presents as which of the following?
The pudendal nerve provides sensory innervation to which region?
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is due to loss of which integrin subunit essential for leukocyte adhesion?
Which trio of amino acids is commonly described as anchoring in transmembrane proteins?
Pompe disease is inherited in which pattern?
Which condition presents with cataracts due to galactitol accumulation and has a milder phenotype?
Schizoid versus schizotypal personality disorder: which statement is correct?
Immunosuppressive therapy and arsenic exposure predispose to squamous cell carcinoma most commonly on which site?
Patau syndrome is a chromosomal disorder due to trisomy 13. Which of the following statements best describes it?
Which sign best differentiates normal puberty from a psychotic disorder in a child?
Keratin intermediate filaments are markers for which tissue type?
Epithelioid histiocytes are associated with which histologic feature?
Chocolate-colored blood is a characteristic finding in which condition?
Which feature best distinguishes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
Opsonization is mediated by which of the following?
Which finding is most likely elevated in acute hepatitis B infection on liver function tests?
Rett syndrome affects which gender and onset?
Exposure to Isotretinoin is associated with microcephaly, thymic hypoplasia, small ears, and hydrocephalus.
Neonate with arm paralysis after a difficult birth due to injury to which brachial plexus portion?
Regulatory T cells express which markers?
What is the start codon in most mRNA?
A high level of D-dimers is most strongly associated with which clinical conditions?
Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease (aortic dissection or bicuspid aortic valve), horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema describe which syndrome?
Among adult supratentorial brain tumors, which is classically benign?
Which formula gives the half-life of a drug?
Which feature indicates irreversible cell damage?
Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with increased risk of which lymphoma type?
Which class is considered first-line pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder?
Anti-parietal cell antibodies are associated with which condition?
Which drug acts as an androgen receptor blocker in prostate adenocarcinoma?
Novobiocin resistance is characteristic of which Staphylococcus species?
N-acetylcysteine is used to treat poisoning with which agent?
IL-6 downregulates which hepatic proteins?
Lewy bodies are associated with which neurodegenerative disease?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by a malar rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman?
Painful, raised red lesions on pads of the fingers and toes are most characteristic of which finding?
Which statement best differentiates unstable angina from NSTEMI?
Which statistic compares the odds of exposure among cases to controls in a study?
After a mastectomy, loss of arm abduction is typical due to injury of which nerve?
Which immunodeficiency presents with recurrent cold abscesses, unusual eczema, and very high IgE levels?
Overdose with a tricyclic antidepressant is treated with which therapy?
What is the primary mechanism of action of SSRIs?
Which drug class is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, and shuffling gait are classic features of which disease?
A glomerulus-like structure surrounding a vessel in germ cells is called what?
Tamoxifen is used to treat breast cancer in which patient group?
Normal labs including PTH and calcium are most consistent with which condition?
RBC casts in urine are most indicative of which condition?
Recurrent mycobacterial infections are associated with defects in which signaling pathway?
Psoriasis can involve nail changes; which statement best reflects this?
Which cardiac condition presents with bounding pulses, wide pulse pressure, a diastolic murmur, and head bobbing?
Cystine stones are hexagonal and yield a positive nitroprusside test. Which option accurately lists cystine stones?
Nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian adults is most commonly due to which glomerular disease?
Alcohol withdrawal commonly presents with which of the following symptoms?
Which statement about right‑sided heart murmurs and respiration is correct?
Warfarin overdose is rapidly reversed with which product?
Autoantibodies against postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors are most classically associated with which disease?
Arnold-Chiari malformation Type II is characterized by herniation of which structures, often with hydrocephalus?
Lytic punched-out bone lesions are classic for which hematologic malignancy?
Which medication is commonly used to treat spasticity?
Hypercoagulability leading to migratory DVTs and vasculitis is known as which paraneoplastic syndrome?
Pot-bellied, pale, puffy-faced child with protruding umbilicus and tongue is classic for which condition?
Treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning includes which of the following?
CD34 is a surface marker associated with which cell population?
Which artery lies between the third part of the duodenum and the pancreas?
The costodiaphragmatic recess extends between which ribs?
Dandy-Walker malformation is best described as what combination?
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) including anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA are associated with which disease?
Hyper-IgE syndrome can result from mutation in which gene, leading to defective Th17 differentiation?
WBCs that look 'smudged' on a peripheral smear are characteristic of which leukemia?
Which monoclonal gammopathy is commonly described as a consequence of aging and can be premalignant?
A child with fever later develops a red rash on the face that spreads to the body. This description is classic for which disease?
Which enzyme converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the kidney?
Which gene mutation is associated with MEN 2A?
In liver disease due to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which histologic finding is characteristic?
Which oncogene is a transcription factor for growth and is placed on the IgH locus by the t(8;14) translocation in Burkitt lymphoma?
The right coronary artery supplies which of the following structures?
A patient has unilateral facial droop that involves the forehead. This finding favors which type of facial nerve palsy?
Gap junctions are formed by which proteins?
Gaucher disease features Gaucher cells, which are lipid-laden macrophages. Which cell type is primarily affected in Gaucher disease?
Abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis involves which sequence?
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with infection by which virus?
Which option is considered curative for ulcerative colitis?
How do cytotoxic T cells and NK cells kill target cells?
Kussmaul respirations are most characteristic of which condition?
Which disorder presents with chronic exercise intolerance, myalgias, painful cramps, and myoglobinuria due to skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency?
A mid-systolic click on auscultation is most characteristic of which condition?
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies is most closely associated with which syndrome?
The mnemonic Stones, Bones, Groans, and Psychiatric overtones is a clue to which metabolic disturbance?
Which of the following is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?
How does lorazepam achieve its effect?
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia features include proliferation of which cells?
Which statement correctly contrasts Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
Which nerve supplies the carotid body?
Eculizumab inhibits which component of the complement pathway?
Which drug is used to treat BCR-ABL positive leukemias?
Hereditary spherocytosis is due to defects in RBC membrane tethering proteins. Which statement is correct?
Which statement describes IL-3?
The anterior interventricular artery (LAD) primarily supplies which region?
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies are characteristic of infections with which virus?
In the maintenance dose formula MD = (Cp x CL) / F, which change will increase the maintenance dose if Cp and F remain constant?
Esophageal webs with glossitis and iron deficiency anemia are characteristic of which syndrome?
Hereditary hyperchylomicronemia is due to autosomal recessive deficiency of which enzyme?
In the complement system, which function is attributed to C5a in the immune response?
Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint with tophi indicates which disease?
In the Starling forces equation, PC stands for which pressure?
Anti-parietal cell antibodies are most closely associated with which condition?
Which therapy provides delayed reversal of warfarin's effects?
Arnold-Chiari malformation Type II is defined by which features?
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons are called what?
Which of the following best describes neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Absence seizures are most effectively treated with which medication?
Rheumatoid arthritis features pannus formation and ulnar deviation; which antibody is commonly associated?
Uncomplicated UTI in young women is most commonly caused by which organisms?
Which combination best describes the typical clinical presentation of SCID?
Call-Exner bodies are described as which histologic feature?
Which medication is commonly used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder?
Definitive therapy for severe salicylate overdose not responding to bicarbonate is?
Injury to the radial nerve can cause loss of sensory innervation to which regions?
Which pharyngeal arch gives rise to Mastication/Jaw?
Direct inguinal hernias travel which direction relative to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Which expression represents the numeric form of relative risk?
Genomic imprinting involves DNA methylation that can silence genes depending on parental origin. Which of the following syndromes are classic examples?
Which sequence lists the common sites of atherosclerosis in order from most to least affected?
Gardner syndrome is a subtype of which inherited condition?
Which cytokine is elevated and promotes plasma cell growth in multiple myeloma?
Streptococcus pyogenes prophylaxis is best achieved with which approach?
The brown color of brown tumors is due to deposition of which substance?
Anti-SSA (Ro) and anti-SSB (La) antibodies are characteristic of which disease?
Where are most primary cardiac myxomas located?
Which structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around, potentially leading to hoarseness when enlarged?
Shiga toxin inhibits which component of the ribosome?
Which statement best describes Buspirone?
Which part of the male urethra is most likely damaged by trauma?
Which trait is a classic example of polygenic inheritance?
Which histologic feature is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?
PTEN tumor suppressor loss predisposes to which cancers?
MEN 1 involves tumors in which organs?
In postmenopausal ER+ breast cancer, which therapy is used?
In Hashimoto thyroiditis, which thyroid finding is most typical?
If heart rate is 75 beats per minute and stroke volume is 90 mL, what is the cardiac output in L/min?
Nonenzymatic glycosylation of the glomerular basement membrane and efferent arterioles contributes to which renal disease?
Erythropoietin is primarily produced by which cells?
Treatment for rat poison containing a superwarfarin?
Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers are known as what?
A fracture of which carpal bone is classically associated with tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox?
Lacunar stroke risk factors include which conditions?
A lead pipe appearance of the colon on imaging is most characteristic of which disease?
The characteristic Reed-Sternberg cell variant associated with nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma is which?
Hepatic adenoma rupture presents with which clinical feature?
Which teratogen causes bone deformities (stippled epiphyses), fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmologic abnormalities, and nasal hypoplasia?
Granulosa cell tumors secrete which hormone?
What provides the costimulatory signal for T cell activation?
Which embryologic structure forms the definitive kidney?
An athlete with polycythemia is most likely due to which of the following?
Which enzymes are primarily involved in ethanol metabolism?
Eisenmenger syndrome occurs when a long-standing left-to-right shunt reverses due to pulmonary hypertension. What is the consequence?
A histologic finding characteristic of Sjogren syndrome is which of the following?
Which of the following is a nonpharmacologic therapy for ADHD?
Cystic fibrosis is inherited in which pattern?
The viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe is caused by which virus?
Which symptom is most characteristic of inflammatory myopathies such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis?
HLA-DR3 is associated with which autoimmune diseases?
Chronic transplant rejection is histologically characterized by which of the following?
Becker muscular dystrophy is caused by which type of mutation in the dystrophin gene?
What protective measure reduces fetal risk from diagnostic X-rays during pregnancy?
Which medication is used to treat bulimia nervosa?
Owl eye inclusion bodies are characteristic of infection with which virus?
Prophylaxis for close contacts of Haemophilus influenzae type B infection is with which drug?
What chelation therapy is used for iron overdose?
Where is a typical abdominal aortic aneurysm located?
Ethylene glycol and methanol intoxication are treated with which antidote?
Which agent is used to treat SSRI overdose?
Which teratogen is known to cause neural tube defects?
Stress urinary incontinence is primarily caused by which mechanism?
Which statement about IL-10 is false?
Rib notching with hypertension in the upper extremities is most characteristic of which congenital heart condition?
Telangiectasias, recurrent epistaxis, AVMs, GI bleeding, and hematuria occur in which syndrome?
Which event leads to activation of E2F and G1-S transition in the RB pathway?
Which chromosomal translocation is associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)?
Reaction formation?
Autoantibodies to presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels are characteristic of which syndrome?
Chromogranin A is a marker for which tumor type?
Which statement about IL-1 function is correct?
For warfarin reversal in acute settings, which is the recommended product?
Psoriasis is best described by which of the following histologic and clinical features?
Late cyanosis in the lower extremities is a feature of Eisenmenger physiology associated with which defect?
Anti-CCP antibodies are typically of which immunoglobulin class?
Depigmentation of neurons in the substantia nigra is characteristic of which neurodegenerative disorder?
Which type of amyloid is derived from light chains?
Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma are characteristically positive for which surface markers?
Adenylate cyclase messenger system is utilized by which receptors?
Which organism causes erythema migrans, the bull's-eye rash of Lyme disease?
The gag reflex involves sensory input via which nerve and motor output via which nerve?
Obstruction of the male urinary tract in older men is most commonly due to which condition?
Accelerated splenomegaly indicates risk of which leukemias?
Kallmann syndrome is characterized by which combination of features?
Which immunoglobulins are produced initially during the primary immune response?
Pemphigus vulgaris is associated with antibodies against which desmosomal component?
In primary hyperparathyroidism, which two lab findings are typically elevated?
In alpha thalassemia, which genetic mechanism is most common?
What histologic feature, along with Orphan Annie nuclei, is commonly seen in papillary thyroid carcinoma?
Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications are the classic triad of which congenital infection?
Anti-smooth muscle antibodies are most characteristic of which disease?
Which finding is most characteristic of portal hypertension and a common source of bleeding?
Injury to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus most commonly causes which hand deformity?
Which statement differentiates Bipolar I from Bipolar II?
According to the law of segregation, which statement best describes inheritance?
"Worst headache of my life" is classically associated with which diagnosis?
Asteroid bodies are inclusions associated with which disease?
For MAC prophylaxis in AIDS, which regimen is recommended?
Which protein is NOT a tethering protein of the red blood cell membrane?
Which muscle is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
The triggers for nephrotic syndrome in children include which of the following?
In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, which mutation is most commonly associated?
MHC class I allele HLA3 is associated with which disease?
In adolescents, which feature is typical of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Germline mutations in TP53 are associated with which cancer predisposition syndrome?
Which two disorders are classic examples of imprinting disorders on chromosome 15?
During thyroidectomy, ligation of which artery most commonly risks injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Eisenmenger syndrome results from reversal of a long-standing left-to-right shunt due to which defects?
Secretin administration in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome will increase gastric acid secretion.
In organ transplant rejection, the histologic hallmark of acute rejection is which feature?
HLA-B27 is associated with which of the following diseases?
MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens to which T cell population?
Heterophile antibodies detected in a patient are most characteristic of which infection?
Which antidote is indicated for heparin overdose?
Which division of the trigeminal nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?
Which listed therapy is used to treat idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension?
Tardive dyskinesia is most specifically linked to long-term use of which medication class?
Renal cell carcinoma is associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease and cigarette smoking and may cause paraneoplastic syndromes including which hormones?
Hypersegmented neutrophils are most characteristic of which type of anemia?
Call-Exner bodies are histologic features of which ovarian tumor?
Human placental lactogen (somatomammotropin) is secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast and causes what effect?
Pulmonary hypertension can be caused by which of the following conditions?
Frontal balding, testicular atrophy, and proximal muscle wasting with no fatty deposits are characteristic of which condition?
Rivaroxaban is a direct inhibitor of which coagulation factor?
Enterococcal infections are commonly treated with which regimen?
Increased uric acid levels are commonly seen in which of the following?
Acidosis at night activates complement, worsening intravascular hemolysis in which disorder?
Imperforate anus is most commonly associated with which type of abnormality?
Disk protrusion at L4-L5 most commonly damages which nerve root?
Phenytoin follows what type of pharmacokinetic behavior?
Streptococcus bovis bacteremia is associated with colon cancer; what procedure is recommended if S. bovis is found?
Which pupil shows accommodation with no reactive light response, a sign classically associated with neurosyphilis?
A defect in HGPRT leads to buildup of hypoxanthine and guanine. This metabolic defect is seen in which syndrome?
The translocation t(15;17) disrupts which receptor, defining a feature of acute promyelocytic leukemia?
Pancreatic divisum results from failure of fusion of which embryologic structures?
Psammoma bodies are classically found in which tumor?
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions are most commonly associated with which condition?
Which agent is used to treat both chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections?
No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance, and loss of pubic hair are classic findings of which condition?
First-line antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis infection in adults is which drug?
Syringomyelia typically causes bilateral loss of pain and temperature due to disruption of which spinal structure at C8-T1?
Osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fractures are categorized as Type I and Type II. Which statement is correct?
MEN 2A includes which tumors?
In a lymph node, which cell type is primarily located in the medullary region?
Systolic ejection murmur crescendo-decrescendo is characteristic of which valvular lesion?
Which structure is contained in the femoral triangle?
Craniopharyngioma arises from Rathke’s pouch and is located in the cerebrum in the supratentorial region. Which statement is correct?
Which teratogen is associated with Fetal Hydantoin syndrome, including cleft palate, cardiac defects, and nail/finger hypoplasia?
Taste sensation for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is carried by which nerve?
Which finding helps distinguish vitamin E deficiency from B12 deficiency clinically?
Placental alkaline phosphatase is a marker associated with which tumor?
Which hereditary cancer syndrome is associated with renal cell carcinoma and is caused by VHL gene mutations?
Which organelle contains its own DNA?
Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules, and cutaneous neurofibromas are characteristic of which condition?
Riboflavin deficiency commonly presents with which of the following symptom clusters?
Which sequence correctly describes the early steps of primary hemostasis?
Lead overdose is treated with which chelating agents?
A hapten is defined as which?
Which statement best describes the management of SCID?
Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and a structural heart defect is associated with which chromosomal disorder?
The most common organism causing osteomyelitis overall is?
Which adverse effect is associated with clozapine?
Which infection is indicative of T-cell deficiency?
Access to the rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas) is best achieved through which fornix?
Langerhans cell histiocytosis commonly presents in children with which findings?
Which gene is mutated in Neurofibromatosis type 1?
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is characterized by which combination of findings?
Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy are most characteristic of which malignant neoplasm?
What happens to PTH secretion in severe hypomagnesemia?
Which nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Rash on the palms and soles is most classically associated with which disease?
During leukocyte rolling in acute inflammation, which molecules mediate rolling?
Hodgkin lymphoma is typically positive for which immunohistochemical markers?
The pterygoid (Vidian) canal transmits which type of nerve fibers?
Which of the following is a disease-modifying therapy for MS?
Which translocation results in BCL-2 activation in lymphoma?
Which connective tissue disorder is associated with lax joints, elastic skin, and defects in type V and type III collagen?
Hereditary hemochromatosis is most commonly due to mutation in which gene?
Which glomerulonephritis is classically described as having a 'wire loop' appearance on light microscopy?
Which nephrotic syndrome is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma due to cytokine production by Reed-Sternberg cells?
Mantle cell lymphoma is associated with which chromosomal translocation that leads to cyclin D1 overexpression?
Chronic arrhythmia with high risk of emboli is most classically associated with which rhythm?
Temporal (giant cell) arteritis is treated with which of the following?
Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid or maternal serum is associated with which fetal anomaly?
The mandibular division differs from other divisions of the trigeminal nerve in that it carries which of the following?
Venlafaxine is best categorized as which antidepressant class?
Which two conditions share an imprinting mechanism on chromosome 15, with one paternal and one maternal syndrome?
Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) is most commonly triggered by which of the following?
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neurons seen in Parkinson disease is called which body?
Which medication is a PDE-5 inhibitor used for BPH?
Preductal vs postductal coarctation is determined by its relation to which structure?
Elevated hCG is a hallmark of which tumor?
Which combination is used in treating anorexia nervosa?
Which coronary artery is most commonly involved in thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction?
Anti-hemidesmosome IgG antibodies are most closely associated with which disease?
Which molecule is a classic PAMP recognized by Toll-like receptors?
Which cells secrete IL-2?
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii infection includes which of the following?
Mantle cell lymphoma typically expresses which surface marker?
Which liver disease is most commonly associated with chronic alcohol use?
Number needed to treat (NNT) is calculated as the reciprocal of which measure?
Measles virulence is associated with which proteins?
Which marker is typically positive in acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts?
Which drug is used to treat multiple myeloma by inhibiting the proteasome?
Polyarteritis nodosa is associated with Hepatitis B surface antigen positivity and transmural inflammation of medium-sized arteries, with pulmonary vessels typically spared. Which statement is true?
Which virus is a single-stranded DNA virus?
Which action is performed by the subscapularis muscle?
Which condition presents with cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, facial myxedema, and hypercholesterolemia?
Growth hormone produced by?
Which vitamin D metabolite is considered inactive?
Oligoclonal IgG bands and periventricular plaques on MRI are typical of which disease?
Horseshoe kidney and cystic hygroma at birth are features of which syndrome?
The right coronary artery supplies which nodes?
Which type of kidney stone is radiopaque and commonly forms in the setting of urease-positive infections?
Prepatellar bursitis is commonly known as which condition?
Which treatment is used for cyanide overdose?
Which features are characteristic of Ataxia Telangiectasia?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides sensory information from which region?
Desmosomes are formed by which proteins?
Antiplatelet antibodies to GpIIb/IIIa are associated with which condition?
Which histologic feature is more characteristic of Hepatitis C infection?
What describes the normal position of the uterus?
Pseudopalisading tumor cells with central necrosis and vascular proliferation are characteristic of which brain tumor?
The influenza vaccine primarily induces which immune response?
Opsonins function by coating pathogens to promote phagocytosis. Which molecules act as opsonins?
Which pharmacologic class is used to treat bulimia nervosa, with caution that bupropion may precipitate seizures?
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressors involved in DNA repair and predispose to which cancers?
Osteopetrosis (poor osteoclast function) is associated with deficiency of which enzyme?
Which symptom profile is most typical of PCP intoxication?
Which autoimmune condition presents with dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis, recurrent dental caries and has a risk of B-cell lymphoma?
In Alport syndrome, the earliest clinical manifestation is often which finding?
HLA-DQ2/DQ8 is strongly linked to which disease?
Which pituitary tumor causes hyperprolactinemia?
Hepatitis B presentation includes which of the following?
Which defect characterizes familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?
In CGD, infection commonly involves which organisms?
First-line therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children?
During leukocyte extravasation, the interaction with ICAM most directly relates to which step?
Which statement about gonadal venous drainage is correct?
Which nucleotide is directly affected by 5-FU's inhibition of thymidylate synthase?
Macular degeneration most commonly causes loss of which part of vision?
Discolored teeth in the developing fetus are most commonly associated with exposure to which drug class?
The carotid body senses which physiologic parameter?
Hereditary angioedema is most directly due to a deficiency of which protein?
Overdose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors/organophosphates is treated with which initial therapy?
Down syndrome corresponds to trisomy 21.
Which MPGN type is defined by subendothelial immune complex deposits with granular IF and is associated with HBV/HCV?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm travels deep to which muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a neutrophil chemotaxis factor?
Which nephrotic-range glomerulopathy is strongly associated with HIV infection and heroin use?
In men over 60, the most likely testicular malignancy is which?
To avoid lactic acidosis and neurologic deficits in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, which dietary approach is recommended?
The ansa cervicalis includes fibers from which spinal nerve levels?
Which disease is diagnosed with anti-transglutaminase, anti-gliadin, and anti-endomysial antibodies?
Which deficiency causes dilated cardiomyopathy with edema and is seen in alcoholism or malnutrition?
5-Fluorouracil exerts its anticancer effects by inhibiting which enzyme?
Which molecular changes are characteristic of von Hippel-Lindau–related tumors?
Budd-Chiari risk and polycythemia vera?
Which statement about IL-4 is NOT true?
Which area is supplied by the superficial branch of the radial nerve for cutaneous sensation?
For Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, which regimen is described?
Thyroid peroxidase catalyzes which steps in thyroid hormone synthesis?
Hyper-IgE syndrome is associated with decreased differentiation of which T helper cell subset?
Phenylketonuria is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
Reinke crystals in Leydig cell tumors can cause which clinical finding in boys?
Which syndrome presents with a single palmar crease, epicanthal folds, excess neck skin, protruding tongue, upslanting palpebral fissures, ostium primum ASD, and duodenal atresia?
Which ligaments are associated with the ovarian and uterine arteries?
Adrenal medullary tumor in adults is most commonly which tumor?
Which region of a lymph node is rich in T cells?
Entrapment in the supinator canal affects which nerve, resulting in failure to extend fingers and thumb?
Fanconi syndrome is characterized by proximal tubular dysfunction causing glycosuria, aminoaciduria, phosphate wasting, growth failure, and what other feature?
Which histone serves as the linker histone that binds to the linker DNA and helps condense chromatin?
Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury is most consistent with which type of hematoma?
Which description best characterizes arteriolosclerosis?
Acute Intermittent Porphyria features?
Which feature best describes Crohn disease?
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation is associated with which malformation?
Psammoma bodies are NOT typically seen in which tumor?
Epidural hematoma on CT is typically described as which shape?
If cardiac output doubles while total peripheral resistance remains constant, mean arterial pressure will:
Which tumor types are associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease?
Senile plaques in Alzheimer disease are composed of beta-amyloid derived from which precursor?
In thymic T cell development, positive selection ensures thymocytes can recognize self-MHC. Which statement best describes positive selection?
Laboratory findings of high homocysteine with normal methylmalonic acid suggest deficiency of which vitamin?
Rank the arteries by frequency of involvement in coronary thrombosis from most to least common.
Prophylaxis for Neisseria meningitidis exposure is best with which regimen?
In shin splints, which nerve and artery are compressed leading to sensory loss between the big toe and the second toe?
Cretinism is most commonly due to iodine deficit/hypothyroidism such as thyroid peroxidase deficiency or thyroid aplasia.
In Type I hypersensitivity, what event triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils?
Autosplenectomy is a feature of which disease?
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in synovial fluid are typically rhomboid and positively birefringent. This finding indicates which condition?
Phenylephrine is best described as which pharmacologic action?
Which therapy causes DNA double-strand breaks via free radical formation?
Thymic medulla is associated with which process?
Dandy-Walker malformation is best described as...
Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, and bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia are characteristic of which demyelinating disease?
What is the most common histologic type of stomach cancer?
Creamy layer in the supernatant after allowing a plasma sample to stand is caused by which lipoprotein?
In OTC deficiency, which finding is commonly elevated in urine?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation can be triggered by which condition?
Nursemaid's elbow results from displacement of which ligament?
During pregnancy, which anticoagulant is used?
Which statement about the c-myc gene is correct?
What is the primary function of haptoglobin?
The articular eminence is a critical structure in which joint?
Lower motor neuron damage presents with which of the following signs?
The most common viral cause of myocarditis is which virus?
Classical homocystinuria is caused by a deficiency of which enzyme?
Which clinical signs are characteristic of superior vena cava syndrome due to tumor compression?
Anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome) IgG antibodies are most closely associated with which disease?
Which pediatric infratentorial brain tumor is commonly associated with GFAP positivity?
Which leukemia is most commonly diagnosed in children?
Blue sclera is most characteristic of which disorder due to a defect in type I collagen that disrupts the triple helix?
The deep branch of the radial nerve primarily provides motor innervation to which muscles?
PR3-ANCA (c-ANCA) is most characteristic for which vasculitic disease?
Back pain with fever and night sweats can indicate which spinal infection?
Homer-Wright rosettes are histologic patterns seen in which tumor?
Mucosal bleeding with prolonged bleeding time is characteristic of which disorder due to defective platelet aggregation caused by deficiency of GpIIb/IIIa?
Most carcinomas spread via which route?
Obstetric conjugate length is the distance between which landmarks?
Which two drugs are SNRIs?
Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) is estimated using the clearance of which compound?
Which therapy is used for prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors?
Which class of antiarrhythmics is preferred for arrhythmias arising in damaged cardiac tissue?
Which medication is used to treat central diabetes insipidus?
Hypoparathyroidism is most often caused by which of the following in the postoperative setting?
Which agents are used to treat opioid overdose?
Actinic keratosis is a precursor to which cancer?
An injury to which nerve at the elbow causes a claw hand and loss of sensation on the ring finger due to passing posterior to the medial epicondyle?
Alpha versus beta thalassemia: which statement is correct?
Chorea, dementia, and caudate degeneration are characteristic of which genetic disorder?
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is caused by expansion of which trinucleotide repeat?
Which artery supplies the apex of the heart?
Oxacillin is best described as which type of antibiotic?
In ADA deficiency–related SCID, what accumulates and damages lymphocytes?
Not a feature of anorexia nervosa?
In ankle injuries, which ligament is most associated with eversion sprains?
First-line disease-modifying therapy for sickle cell disease that increases fetal hemoglobin is:
Gout, intellectual disability, and self-mutilation in a boy are features of which syndrome?
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies are associated with which syndrome?
Which artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery in most people?
Atovaquone/proguanil is used for which malaria stage?
In developing countries, constrictive pericarditis is most commonly due to which cause?
Which tendon runs with the dorsalis pedis artery?
Goodpasture syndrome is associated with which immunofluorescence pattern?
Which ulcer is associated with CNS injury due to vagal stimulation and increased gastric acid secretion?
In measles, deficiency of which vitamin is associated with worse outcomes and is treated with supplementation?
Sawtooth infiltration of lymphocytes at the dermal-epidermal junction is most characteristic of which condition?
Hyperaldosteronism is commonly treated with which diuretic?
Down syndrome is associated with which pattern on maternal serum screening?
Lamotrigine is associated with which serious adverse reaction?
Which disease shows both upper and lower motor neuron degeneration?
Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of which hormone?
Which mediators contribute to pain in acute inflammation?
First-line antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs typically includes which drug?
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is primarily treated with which type of antifungal?
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) functions as a cofactor in which type of enzymatic reaction?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain which regions?
Neurofibromatosis type 2 is inherited in which pattern?
Excess or lack of iodine can cause congenital goiter or cretinism due to the Wolff-Chaikoff effect?
Viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe is most commonly caused by which virus?
IL-4 is NOT secreted by which cell type?
In Fanconi syndrome, which electrolyte abnormality is commonly observed?
Mood stabilizers include which of the following?
Which malignancy is associated with fever without infection and eosinophilia?
Which oncogene encodes a serine/threonine kinase linked to melanoma and some non-Hodgkin lymphomas?
During bruise healing, which pigment is responsible for the green coloration due to heme degradation?
In the Starling equation for capillary fluid exchange, which form expresses net filtration Jv?
Which drug is commonly used to treat trigeminal neuralgia by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels?
The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provides sensation to which region?
TSC1/TSC2 mutations cause which disease?
Aneurysms of the ascending aorta or aortic arch are classically associated with which condition?
Which regimen is used to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Renal cell carcinoma may cause paraneoplastic production of which hormones?
Which nuclear change describes the loss of nucleus?
In children with nephrotic syndrome, the most likely histologic diagnosis is?
Burkitt lymphoma is strongly associated with infection by which virus?
ADHD diagnosis requires which pattern of symptoms?
The medial collateral ligament is attached to which structure?
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease due to PKD2 defect is less common than PKD1; which option correctly describes PKD2?
Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord affects which tracts?
Brain metastases most commonly originate from which primary cancers, in order of frequency?
Which signaling molecule is typically upregulated in keloid formation?
“Honeycomb” lung pattern on radiographs or CT is most characteristic of which condition?
Which immunodeficiency presents with severe opportunistic infections early in life, chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive?
Ringed sideroblasts on Prussian blue staining are characteristic of which condition?
Fanconi anemia is characterized by short stature, cafe au lait spots, thumb/radial defects, and increased risk of tumors; which underlying mechanism is involved?
Which MPGN type features deposits in the basement membrane and is associated with C3 nephritic factor causing continuous C3 convertase activity?
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is most commonly inherited in which pattern?
Normal range for the serum anion gap is approximately:
Polycythemia vera typical features?
Discolored teeth in the newborn are associated with exposure to which drug class?
Which nuclear change describes shrinkage of the nucleus?
PCP analogs (arylcyclohexylamines) are primarily which type of receptor antagonists?
Aplasia cutis congenita (absent patch of epidermis on the back of the head) is associated with exposure to which teratogen?
Relative risk is calculated as
Marfanoid habitus is a clinical feature most closely associated with which MEN syndrome?
Mucor belongs to which fungal class?
Which vitamin deficiency is notably risky for pregnant women due to limited body stores of about 3 to 4 months?
Vomiting blood after repeated retching is characteristic of which condition?
IL-12 is secreted by which cells?
Initial therapy for Clostridium difficile infection is which antibiotic?
Anaphylaxis and/or angioedema following blood transfusion is most consistent with which deficiency?
Orphan Annie eye nuclei are a histologic feature of which thyroid carcinoma?
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is due to a defect in which gene?
Edwards syndrome is also known as trisomy 18.
Which statement best differentiates Marfan syndrome from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
Worldwide histology of esophageal cancer is most commonly which type?
Which enzymes detoxify reactive oxygen species?
Anticentromere antibodies are most closely associated with which condition?
What mechanistic defect leads to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in TTP?
A cutaneous T-cell lymphoma presenting with erythroderma and atypical T cells can be described as which disease?
Which statement best describes MEN2B features?
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis therapy can include cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids. Which statement is true?
Which syndrome is characterized by arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection or aneurysm, hyperflexible joints, and pectus excavatum?
DPC4/SMAD4 is a tumor suppressor gene; Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer. It is associated with which cancer?
Red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients is most characteristic of which organism?
Syphilitic aortitis is most commonly associated with aneurysm of which part of the aorta?
Indurated, nonpainful ulcer on the genitals is most consistent with which diagnosis?
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia commonly expresses which combination of markers?
A mammary gland lesion described as a 'blue domed' cyst is most consistent with which condition?
The most common pathogens causing pelvic inflammatory disease are which organisms?
Which expression correctly defines ejection fraction (EF)?
Down syndrome is most accurately described as which condition?
The most common benign tumor of the uterus in women is which?
Which type of crystals are needle-shaped and negatively birefringent and seen in gout?
Which chronic lung disease is characterized by hypoxemia, polycythemia, and hypercapnia and is associated with the 'blue bloater' phenotype?
Beta-hCG is produced by which placental cells?
Which therapy is used to neutralize toxins in tetanus infection?
Antimitochondrial antibodies are highly associated with which liver disease?
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent inclusions described as 'owl's eye' are which cells?
In blunt abdominal trauma, which organ is most commonly injured?
Friedreich ataxia often leads to death due to which cardiac condition?
Foam cells are a histologic hallmark of which lysosomal storage disorder?
Which agent is used to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis in patients receiving cyclophosphamide?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with HLA-DR2?
Which teratogen requires strict contraception use due to teratogenic risk?
For Chlamydia with possible gonorrhea coinfection, which additional therapy is recommended?
Which leukemia is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, particularly the APML variant?
Which nerve provides sensation below the vocal cords?
Biotin (B7) deficiency leads to which enzyme deficiency?
Which syndrome is characterized by dysphagia due to esophageal webs, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia, and an elevated risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
Which cytokine is the major chemotactic factor for neutrophils?
In postmenopausal breast cancer, which therapy is used?
Infections with which virus can cause aplastic anemia crises in individuals with sickle cell disease or beta-thalassemia?
Which chromosomal translocation is characteristic of Burkitt lymphoma?
The rectouterine pouch is located between which two structures?
Alkaptonuria is inherited in which pattern?
Which feature is most characteristic of Cri-du-chat syndrome?
Which equation defines cardiac output?
Which of the following best describes reversible cell injury?
Schistocytes on a blood smear are associated with which condition?
Hepatic adenoma is most strongly associated with which exposure?
Which oncogene encodes the stem cell growth factor receptor and is associated with GI stromal tumors?
Which clinical sign is commonly tested to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome?
Which cell junction is linked to the actin cytoskeleton via cadherins?
Which artery supplies the sigmoid colon according to the material?
Which region drains into the right lymphatic duct?
Which class of antiemetics is commonly used to prevent chemotherapy-induced vomiting?
Which teratogen is associated with neural tube defects due to inhibition of maternal folate absorption?
Which thyroid cancer occurs in older patients as a rapidly enlarging, hard mass?
Creatine kinase is markedly elevated in which neuromuscular disorder due to X-linked mutations affecting dystrophin?
CGD predisposes to infections with which of the following organisms?
Which cell type is central to humoral immunity?
Which of the following is listed as a treatment option for ulcerative colitis?
In the red blood cell-specific glycolytic pathway, what is the effect of converting 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
Inactivation of which gene (CDKN2A/p16) is strongly associated with melanoma?
Painful fingers/toes changing color from blue to white to red with cold or stress describes which phenomenon?
Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) are associated with which liver disease?
Urge urinary incontinence is primarily due to which mechanism?
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is produced by approximately 70% of cancers of which organ systems?
In an HIV/AIDS patient, a ring-enhancing brain lesion is most classically due to which organism?
Which malignancy presents in adults with bone lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal failure?
Which helminth infection is listed as present in the USA?
During fasting, what are the primary sources of glucose during the first overnight period and on day 2?
Streptococcus pneumoniae infection involving pneumonia or other systemic infection is typically treated with which antibiotic class?
A child presents with fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, desquamating rash on the palms and soles, coronary aneurysms, red conjunctivae, and strawberry tongue. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Cyanide poisoning is treated with which regimen?
Hair-on-end appearance on skull radiographs is classically associated with which hematologic condition due to marrow expansion?
What is a first-line treatment for von Willebrand disease?
Which bacterium is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer?
Which cells mediate cellular immunity?
Which gynecologic malignancy is most common in the United States?
Emergency airway management: In a cannot-intubate situation, an emergency airway is established through which structure?
Which three structures form the Triangle of Calot as described in the notes?
Legionella pneumophila is commonly treated with which class of antibiotics?
Which protein is defective in Neurofibromatosis type 2?
Which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the colon, with the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon supplied by one and the distal colon supplied by another?
Which vein drains most of the stomach?
RIPE regimen for active tuberculosis includes which four drugs?
Beta-thalassemia trait commonly presents with which hematologic finding?
Which treatment is used for methemoglobinemia?
X-linked sideroblastic anemia results from a deficiency in which enzyme?
Which cranial nerve provides sensation to the face?
Virchow's triad includes which three components?
Waxy casts with very low urine flow are most consistent with which condition?
CA 19-9 is most commonly elevated in which cancer?
The combination of uvula deviation to the healthy side and tongue deviation to the affected side indicates damage to which nerves?
A Pancoast tumor at the apical lung region may compress the cervical sympathetic chain resulting in which syndrome?
Which drug is a classic inducer of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes?
Which virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?
Which skin condition presents as pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques?
Which term refers to the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?
The most common malignancy in children is which disease?
Libman-Sacks endocarditis is characterized by which feature?
Which type of emphysema is classically associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Which translocation is associated with CML?
Tests for T-cell deficiency rely on a response to which type of hypersensitivity?
Sucrose is composed of which two monosaccharides?
Organophosphates produce cholinergic overstimulation by inhibiting which enzyme, and what is the initial treatment?
Which formula correctly defines the absolute risk reduction as stated?
All-trans retinoic acid is used to treat which leukemia?
To enhance excretion of basic drugs such as amphetamines, urine should be acidified with which agent?
The inguinal ligament attaches between which two bony landmarks?
Which antidepressant class has a known risk of triggering a manic episode in susceptible individuals?
Dry beriberi is characterized by which of the following?
Pilocytic astrocytoma is typically located in which region?
Fanconi syndrome is a defect in which part of the nephron, resulting in metabolic acidosis due to impaired reabsorption?
Which of the following is typical of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in children?
In chronic myeloid leukemia, death is most likely due to progression to which phase?
Epidural hematoma is classically caused by rupture of which artery?
In Crohn disease, the term for alternating inflamed and normal areas of the colon is which?
Annular pancreas results from abnormal migration of which pancreatic bud?
Infant with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly due to debranching enzyme deficiency (Cori disease) corresponds to which diagnosis?
Which drug is the treatment of choice for malignant hyperthermia?
Gastrin-producing tumors in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome most commonly arise in which locations?
RET is an oncogene encoding which receptor, and with which conditions is it associated?
In the spleen, where are T cells primarily located?
In the renal clearance equation Cx = (Ux V)/ Px, what does Px represent?
Autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis predisposes to which conditions?
ADAMTS13 deficiency leads to inability to cleave which form of von Willebrand factor?
Extracellular amyloid deposition in the gray matter of the brain is seen as which lesion in Alzheimer disease?
Which drug is a high-potency typical antipsychotic?
The S3 heart sound is associated with which finding?
Initial therapy for Kawasaki disease includes intravenous immunoglobulin and which anti-inflammatory medication?
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is characterized by which features?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the mucosa above the vocal cords and mediates the cough reflex?
Which apolipoprotein binds LDL?
Which nephrotic syndrome is most strongly associated with renal vein thrombosis due to loss of antithrombin III?
Mutation in the FBN1 gene is associated with which disorder?
Goodpasture syndrome involves antibodies against basement membranes. Which immunofluorescence pattern is typical?
Shin splints may present with signs suggestive of which serious condition due to compression of the deep peroneal nerve and anterior tibial artery?
Ferruginous bodies in alveolar septa are most characteristic of which condition?
Which medication is a monoclonal antibody used in Crohn disease management?
Iron deficiency anemia presents with which characteristic finding?
Which receptor on activated platelets binds fibrinogen to promote platelet aggregation?
Which histologic type is the most likely diagnosis for a benign, bilateral ovarian tumor?
In hyperthyroidism, which membrane pump is upregulated by thyroid hormones?
What is the treatment for X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
Trousseau syndrome, characterized by migratory thrombophlebitis, is most commonly associated with which cancer type?
The malignant serous ovarian tumor is best described as which histologic type?
The membrane attack complex (C5b-9) mediates lysis of microbes by forming pores in membranes. Which statement is correct about this complex?
Gitelman syndrome arises from dysfunction of the distal convoluted tubule Na-Cl cotransporter, leading to metabolic alkalosis and hypomagnesemia. Which nephron segment is affected?
Basophilic stippling of red blood cells is most associated with which condition?
Maldevelopment of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches is most associated with which syndrome?
In a child presenting with palpable purpura on the buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain, and hematuria, which disease is most likely?
Which tumor histology includes spindle cells and slit-like vascular spaces, and is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?
Painless jaundice is most commonly due to obstruction of the bile duct by cancer of which structure?
What is the specific treatment for botulism?
Which feature is characteristic of Reidel fibrosing thyroiditis?
Venlafaxine is an SNRI used for depression. It primarily increases levels of which neurotransmitters?
A dilated cardiomegaly with apical atrophy is associated with infection by which parasite?
Which glomerulonephritis shows granular 'lumpy-bumpy' immunofluorescence with subepithelial humps on electron microscopy?
Which formula defines volume of distribution?
In the United States, the most common histologic type of esophageal cancer is
Colchicine exerts its effect in gout by which mechanism?
In AIDS patients with Cryptococcus neoformans infection, which antifungal is commonly used?
Which of the following is the correct loading dose formula?
G6PD deficiency causes hemolytic anemia under oxidative stress with characteristic smear findings. Which smear features are typical?
HLA-DR2 is associated with which condition?
Granuloma formation is driven by which immune response?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by which process?
Which of the following is used as an abortive therapy for migraine?
Alpha-fetoprotein is most commonly elevated in which malignancies?
A supracondylar fracture with median nerve injury would primarily affect which muscles that flex the digits?
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies show which pattern on immunofluorescence?
Which enzyme unwinds DNA at the replication fork?
Maternal antibodies to Ro/SSA and La/SSB confer risk of what in the neonate?
Serotonin syndrome is distinguished from neuroleptic malignant syndrome by which sign?
A left-shift or high-O2-affinity hemoglobin results in which physiologic outcome?
Propionic acidemia and methylmalonic acidemia commonly present with which features?
Cross-linking of IgE on mast cells triggers degranulation releasing which mediators?
Specificity is defined as
What cellular mechanism underlies insulin resistance?
Beta-hCG is a tumor marker most characteristically elevated in which conditions?
Northern blot detects which biomolecule?
A brown tumor of bone is most closely associated with which condition?
Rapid reversal of warfarin overdose is achieved with which therapy?
Bleeding disorder due to deficiency of GpIb is best diagnosed as which syndrome?
In thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which laboratory test is typically normal?
Which organisms are common causes of food poisoning due to preformed exotoxins?
Median episiotomy involves cutting which structure to widen the vaginal opening?
Which statement correctly describes the relative roles of DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III during DNA replication?
Which muscle is NOT a rotator cuff muscle?
The tram-track appearance of capillary loops on PAS stain is seen in which nephropathy?
Which structures are derived from the left 4th aortic arch?
Which statement about nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma is NOT true?
Which is the hallmark of Gilbert's syndrome?
MPO-ANCA (p-ANCA) is classically associated with which vasculitides?
Zenker's diverticulum is best diagnosed by which imaging test?
Which pharmacologic class is first-line for alcohol withdrawal?
Which metabolite accumulates in Tay-Sachs disease due to enzyme deficiency?
Systemic lupus erythematosus pathophysiology is best described as involvement of which hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the ultrastructural hallmark of minimal change disease?
The carotid sinus is primarily involved in monitoring which parameter?
Which mnemonic best describes anticholinergic toxicity?
Low maternal alpha-fetoprotein levels in pregnancy are associated with which condition?
In systemic lupus erythematosus, death is most commonly due to lupus nephropathy, particularly which form?
The phrase 'Fat, female, forty, and fertile' is a mnemonic for risk factors for which condition?
The foregut derivatives receive arterial supply from which trunk?
Mercury, arsenic, and gold poisoning is treated with which chelation?
In blotting techniques, Western blot detects which biomolecule?
In newborns and young children, which organisms are the leading causes of bacterial meningitis?
Which nerve innervates the patellar tendon?
Bence Jones proteins in urine and rouleaux formation are characteristic of which plasma cell neoplasm?
Sturge-Weber syndrome is associated with a somatic activating mutation in which gene?
Clue cells on vaginal smear are characteristic of infection with which organism?
Porphyria cutanea tarda is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
In ankylosing spondylitis, in addition to spinal involvement, there is an increased risk of which cardiovascular complication?
HLA-DR5 is associated with which disease?
Which neonatal condition is a classic result of maternal diabetes?
Polymyositis is best characterized by which pattern of muscle inflammation?
Subdural hematoma is most commonly caused by rupture of which vessels?
Which cranial nerves correspond to pharyngeal arches 1, 2, 3, and 4/6?
What histologic feature distinguishes follicular carcinoma from follicular adenoma?
The ansa cervicalis supplies motor innervation to which group of muscles?
Hyperacute rejection of a transplanted organ is mediated by?
Which gene is a neural growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase associated with MEN2A and MEN2B and medullary thyroid carcinoma?
Which process occurs in the thymic cortex?
Buspirone is best described as which type of anxiolytic?
Which of the following injuries most commonly causes foot drop?
Aschoff bodies are granulomatous nodules in the heart seen in which disease?
Which translocation is associated with Follicular lymphoma?
A tumor in the head of the pancreas commonly obstructs which structure?
During lumbar puncture, the L4 vertebral level is typically located using which bony landmark?
Which statement best distinguishes orotic aciduria from other urea cycle disorders?
Which finding is characteristic of leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Which congenital infection is classically associated with patent ductus arteriosus?
Naltrexone used in alcoholism acts as an antagonist at which receptor?
Which features define MEN2B?
In PKU, why is tyrosine supplementation necessary?
Where is the posterior tibial pulse located?
In children, which brain tumor is infratentorial and includes medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma?
Which inguinal hernia is due to a patent processus vaginalis and typically protrudes through the deep inguinal ring lateral to the vessels?
Taste sensation for the posterior one-third of the tongue is carried by which nerve?
Increased amniotic fluid or maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is associated with which fetal condition?
During normal development, the midgut rotates around which artery?
In postmenopausal women presenting with a breast mass, which finding is a common consideration?
McCune-Albright syndrome is characterized by which features?
t(8;14) translocation is characteristic of which lymphoma?
Male child with recurrent infections after 6 months and lack of mature B cells suggests which immunodeficiency?
Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, and cutis aplasia is typical of which syndrome?
Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule indicate which rapidly progressive process?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by which features?
Benign breast tumor most commonly seen in young women is known as what?
Which receptors are involved in chemotherapy-induced vomiting?
Which mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation and fever in acute inflammation?
Which therapy is used to alkalinize urine in salicylate overdose?
Which disorder presents with rapidly progressive, symmetric limb weakness that ascends after a GI or upper respiratory infection?
Which of the following is characteristic of hereditary orotic aciduria?
An eosinophilic globule in hepatocytes representing apoptosis is known as what?
Membranous nephropathy is strongly associated with which of the following antibodies or conditions?
Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and filling in with DNA during replication?
What do Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells release?
Topiramate has which combined mechanism?
Which antifungal is commonly used for systemic Candida albicans infection?
In the polyol pathway, which sequence correctly describes the conversion of glucose to fructose?
Schizophreniform disorder is distinguished from schizophrenia by which duration criterion?
Which translocation is associated with good prognosis in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Which condition is Edwards syndrome?
Adherens junctions rely on which protein family, with loss promoting metastasis?
In Waldenström macroglobulinemia, which immunoglobulin is typically elevated?
IFN-γ increases which of the following?
Probenecid use in tumor lysis prophylaxis is appropriate in which scenario?
In the preoperative management of pheochromocytoma, which sequence is recommended?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a treatment option for BPH?
Negative predictive value is defined as
Which equation represents Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for allele frequencies?
Isotype switching requires interactions between which molecules?
Which substance primarily inhibits plasmin activity in the blood?
Auer rods in granulocytes and myeloblasts are characteristic of which leukemia?
Which genetic condition is characterized by macroorchidism and CGG repeats?
Testes and ovaries drain to which lymph nodes?
Physiologic dead space is calculated using which equation?
Hyperacusis can occur due to lesion of which nerve?
PSA is a marker used primarily for which cancer?
Which cells secrete IL-1?
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
In X-linked SCID, the defective gene encodes which chain?
Which oncogene encodes an anti-apoptotic protein and is translocated to the IgH locus at t(14;18) in follicular lymphoma?
Which statement best describes the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
Which syndrome presents with black liver due to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia from defective excretion into bile?
Guyon canal syndrome at the wrist compresses which nerve?
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is diagnosed by absence of which surface proteins on blood cells?
Which statement best describes the Glutamate-Glutamine cycle in the brain?
Struvite kidney stones are associated with infection by urease-producing organisms and often form staghorn calculi. Which organism is a common cause?
A triangular elevation of the periosteum on radiographs, known as Codman triangle, is most characteristic of which cancer?
Maintenance of patent ductus arteriosus is achieved with which type of agent?
In the loading dose formula LD = (Cp x Vd) / F, what does F represent?
Which syndrome results from a microdeletion on the short arm of chromosome 5 and presents with a characteristic cry?
What is the inheritance pattern for MEN2 syndromes?
Polycythemia vera treatment?
In the disease associated with anti-Scl-70 antibodies, fatal complications most often involve which organs?
Which GI primary is most likely to metastasize to the liver?
Which set of signs is most typical for constrictive pericarditis?
Which amino acids are ketogenic and recommended in the ketogenic diet described for PDH deficiency?
In osteoarthritis, Heberden's nodes are located at which joints?
Which condition is a common cause of secondary hypertension characterized by increased plasma renin and unilateral kidney atrophy?
Which antidote is used for benzodiazepine overdose?
Which kidney condition shows thyroid-like appearance histologically?
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for disseminated intravascular coagulation?
Which enzyme deficiency causes Niemann-Pick disease?
Which statement about PAH clearance and effective renal plasma flow is true?
Which cytokines are secreted by Th1 helper cells?
Which organism commonly causes cellulitis after dog or cat bites?
During tonsillectomy, injury to which nerve is a known risk?
What is a key initial management step for suspected SCID?
Hypertension with hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis suggests which endocrine disorder?
HIT is mediated by antibodies against which complex?
Which tumor marker is elevated in choriocarcinoma?
The popliteal lymph node primarily drains which region?
Which statement about blood group antibodies is correct?
Which adverse effects are associated with SSRIs?
Which of the following disorders is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is commonly associated with tall stature and arachnodactyly?
IgM anti-CCP antibodies are most closely associated with which disease?
Which gene is an oncogene encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase for growth factor signaling in breast, ovarian, and gastric cancers?
Which cancer is most commonly associated with SIADH?
Attributable risk is defined as
Keloids are best described as which of the following?
Primary liver cancer is most commonly hepatocellular carcinoma. Which of the following is a risk factor or associated condition?
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma producing which immunoglobulin and causing hyperviscosity with visual disturbances and mucosal bleeding?
Which antibiotic is listed as a treatment for Rickettsia rickettsii?
A mass in the head of the pancreas can obstruct which duct, leading to cholestasis?
Which syndrome is defined by ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis due to a sympathetic chain lesion?
Posterior pituitary secretions?
Primary hyperaldosteronism is most commonly due to which glandular structure?
Autosplenectomy due to fibrosis and shrinkage of the spleen is most characteristic of which disease?
Which symptoms comprise the classic triad of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome?
A patient develops chest pain and a pericardial friction rub 2-12 weeks after a myocardial infarction, with persistent fever. This is most consistent with which condition?
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency follows which inheritance pattern?
Sarcomas metastasize most commonly via which route?
Sphincter of Oddi malfunction is precipitated by which of the following?
What is the standard first-line therapy for Treponema pallidum infection?
Which is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?
Alpha thalassemia results from deletions or mutations in which globin genes?
Which artery supplies the hindgut?
Which statement is true regarding hypersegmented neutrophils?
Cushing ulcers result from increased intracranial pressure and involve stimulation of which nerve to secrete gastric acid?
Which medication is used to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infection in both the patient and partner?
Buerger disease treatment focuses on which primary intervention?
Blink reflex involves which afferent and efferent components?
Calcium-containing kidney stones are the most common type. Which statement correctly describes them?
Which cell type secretes IL-3?
Heteroplasty refers to which cellular condition?
Chronic myelogenous leukemia is typically associated with which findings?
Avoidant versus antisocial personality disorder: which statement correctly differentiates them?
What is a key function of interferons in antiviral defense?
Liddle syndrome causes metabolic alkalosis and hypertension due to increased sodium reabsorption through ENaC in which nephron segment?
Which gene mutation is associated with MEN2 syndromes?
If a person chokes on a peanut, which bronchus is more likely to receive the object?
A patient experiences chest pain on exertion that is relieved by rest. This pattern is most consistent with which condition?
What is the recommended approach to preventing tumor lysis syndrome?
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) is classically associated with which leukemia?
Desmopressin (DDAVP) increases levels of which factors to aid mild hemophilia A?
Double bubble sign indicates obstruction at which portion of the GI tract?
Orally administered antiviral that inhibits neuraminidase in influenza is which drug?
Invasion of a renal tumor into the renal vein can give rise to which of the following complications on the left side?
TRH effect on hormones?
Which antibiotic is effective against MRSA infections?
Tricuspid valve endocarditis is most strongly associated with which risk factor?
Which cardiomyopathy is associated with sudden death in young athletes and is linked to myocyte disarray from sarcomeric protein gene mutations?
Tiagabine exerts its antiepileptic effect by which mechanism?
Etoposide is categorized as which type of anticancer agent?
In multiple sclerosis, what is commonly used to treat acute relapses?
MRSA infections are treated with which of the following agents?
Opsonization is mediated by which combination?
Which statement best describes the inheritance pattern of myotonic dystrophy type 1?
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric cancer are known as which tumor?
Relative risk reduction is defined as
Which of the following is a classic example of a hapten?
Which condition is diagnosed by PAS-positive macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria due to a causative organism Tropheryma whipplei?
Which antibodies are commonly associated with inflammatory myopathies such as polymyositis?
Which histological finding is associated with Graves disease?
What is the treatment for Pompe disease?
Hemoglobin C results from a missense mutation in the beta-globin chain substituting which amino acid for glutamic acid?
Generalized anxiety disorder treatment: First-line pharmacologic therapy includes which option?
What holds the heavy chains of an immunoglobulin together?
Which is a cardiovascular complication of anorexia nervosa?
In prion diseases, PrP undergoes which conformational change?
Which of the following is the correct equation for stroke volume?
In von Willebrand disease, which laboratory test is typically abnormal?
In methemoglobinemia, which of the following is typical?
What electron microscopic finding is characteristic of Alport syndrome?
A male child presents with recurrent infections, eczema, and thrombocytopenic purpura. This triad is most consistent with which disorder?
Which finding best reflects the microvascular pathology of TTP?
HLA-DR4 is associated with which of the following?
Which of the following can contribute to insulin resistance by activating serine kinases?
Painful blue fingers/toes with hemolytic anemia is most consistent with which autoimmune phenomenon, often associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
Bullous pemphigoid is associated with autoantibodies against which components?
Renal cell carcinoma with bilateral involvement, retinal/spinal hemangioblastomas, and pheochromocytoma is characteristic of which hereditary syndrome?
Colles' fracture classically presents after a fall on an outstretched hand and involves which of the following?
Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in which condition?
Which interaction provides the second signal for T cell activation?
Osteopetrosis can present with anemia and thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow failure. Which disease is this?
Which antidepressant has no sexual side effects or weight gain and can cause seizures?
Hairy Cell Leukemia features?
Arginase deficiency is part of the urea cycle. What is the recommended dietary treatment?
Polyploidy is defined as which of the following?
Infant with cherry-red spot on the macula, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration is most consistent with which lysosomal storage disorder?
First-line therapy for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection with coverage for possible Chlamydia co-infection?
Celiac disease classically presents with which symptom combination?
What is the most common source of brain metastases?
In Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, what happens to germinal centers?
In multiple myeloma, which protein is excreted in the urine as Bence Jones proteins?
Which statement correctly contrasts methadone and buprenorphine?
Actinic (solar) keratosis is best described as a precursor lesion to which skin cancer?
Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture suggests which diagnosis?
Allopurinol interactions are clinically important with which drugs?
In adults, which tumor is commonly found in the supratentorial region of the brain?
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is best described as which type of disorder?
Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis are characteristic of which syndrome?
Fever, night sweats, and weight loss are B symptoms associated with which condition?
Damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus causing conjugate horizontal gaze palsy and horizontal diplopia is known as?
Codman triangle is radiographic sign most associated with which bone tumor?
Which feature helps differentiate substance-induced disorders from primary psychotic disorders?
In liver biopsy from alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which histologic finding is observed?
Defective microtubule-dependent fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes leads to giant granules in leukocytes in which disorder?
Which finding is characteristic of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Lead poisoning is treated with which chelating combination?
IgA anti-endomysial and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies are diagnostic for which disease?
Maturity onset diabetes of the young is associated with autosomal dominant mutation in which enzyme?
Thiopental's rapid loss of effect is due to which process?
Osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease is most commonly caused by which organism?
Gout attacks can be precipitated by which dietary factor due to competition for excretion in the kidney?
What is the standard treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A tumor in the parotid gland most likely compresses which nerve?
In a patient taking multiple serotonergic medications, which sign is most indicative of serotonin syndrome rather than neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Negri bodies are histologic inclusions seen in which infectious disease?
Number needed to harm (NNH) is the reciprocal of which measure?
Pancreatitis is commonly associated with thrombosis of which vein?
P bodies regulate which cellular process in the cytoplasm?
The most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is which?
N-myc is an oncogene that encodes a transcription factor for growth proteins and is associated with which cancer?
Which of the following is a disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for multiple sclerosis?
Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer is commonly treated with which agent?
Which syndrome is characterized by multiple osteomas and dental abnormalities along with colon polyps?
Chorda Tympani carries taste sensation from which part of the tongue and provides parasympathetic innervation to which glands?
Hepatocellular carcinoma tends to spread via which route?
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and antibiotics: which statement is correct?
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressors involved in DNA repair and predispose to which cancers?
Infection with Schistosoma haematobium is most strongly linked to which cancer type?
Which equation correctly defines pulmonary vascular resistance?
A boot-shaped heart on radiograph is characteristic of which congenital heart defect?
Pick bodies are cytoplasmic inclusions composed of tau protein seen in which disease?
Which valve is most commonly affected by bacterial endocarditis?
Which components constitute the MEN2A syndrome?
Which deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia without neurologic symptoms?
NF1 gene product functions as what type of enzyme?
Which combination of laboratory abnormalities best indicates prognosis in cirrhosis?
Sarcoidosis commonly presents with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, uveitis, high ACE, and hypercalcemia. Asteroid bodies may be seen on biopsy. Which disease is described?
Temporal arteritis classically presents in elderly females with which combination of findings?
Excess vitamin A exposure during pregnancy is linked to spontaneous abortion and birth defects such as cleft palate and cardiac defects.
Opening snap and diastolic rumble are classic for which valvular lesion?
According to the material, which artery supplies the left portion of the colon?
Etanercept, a TNF-alpha inhibitor, has which notable risk?
Which condition predisposes to thoracic aortic aneurysm via cystic medial degeneration?
In a patient with a ventricular septal defect, which factor determines severity and risk of Eisenmenger syndrome?
What is the most abundant amino acid in collagen?
Which class of antipsychotics is associated with treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
Which etiologies are associated with chronic pancreatitis?
Injury to which nerve causes loss of sensation on the posterior aspect of the arm, forearm, and hand?
Dislocated shoulder damages which nerve, affecting deltoid and sensation over the lateral arm?
Which statement about monozygotic twinning is correct?
The most common Hodgkin lymphoma subtype is which?
Abciximab inhibits which platelet receptor to decrease binding to fibrinogen?
Which cancer is most commonly associated with elevated CA 15-3/CA 27-29 markers?
Elevated calcitonin levels are characteristic of which thyroid cancer?
A Baker's (popliteal) cyst can compress which nerve, causing inability to plantar flex and loss of plantar sensation, with an inability to curl the toes?
First-line treatment for severe hypertriglyceridemia is which agent?
What are the most common etiologies of acute pancreatitis?
HLA-DR4 is associated with which disease?
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with 'raisinoid' nuclei and hyperchromasia are called?
Which condition is defined by the combination of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia?
Which feature is characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which anticoagulant is used to achieve immediate anticoagulation in suspected thromboembolic events?
Degeneration of dorsal column fibers is a feature of which condition?
Naive B cells express which immunoglobulins on their surface?
Which receptor binds the Fc region of bound immunoglobulin G and activates natural killer (NK) cells?
Lunate dislocation may cause carpal tunnel syndrome with paresthesias in which digits?
Cold agglutinin disease is associated with infection by which pathogens?
From which vessel do ovarian arteries originate?
Chest pain with ST depressions on an electrocardiogram most likely indicates which type of ischemia?
Fragile X syndrome is caused by CGG repeat expansion on which chromosome?
Which expression represents vascular resistance in laminar flow (Hagen-Poiseuille form)?
What constitutes initial management of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Cerebral aqueduct stenosis refers to obstruction of CSF flow between which ventricles?
Which is a cardiac manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Pellagra is due to deficiency of which vitamin?
Signet ring cells with mucin pushing the nucleus to the periphery are characteristic of which cancer?
Which muscles are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V3)?
A stroke affecting the thalamus classically presents with what deficit?
Which muscle initiates abduction for the first 15 degrees of shoulder movement?
Which lab finding is typically normal in folate deficiency but elevated in vitamin B12 deficiency?
The 3rd aortic arch gives rise to which arteries?
What is the name of the >10 mmHg fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration?
What liver condition is most commonly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
Which definition best describes projection?
Which histologic finding is associated with Marfan syndrome and predisposes to thoracic aortic aneurysm?
Arnold-Chiari malformation Type I is characterized by herniation of which structure?
A continuous "machine-like" murmur is most characteristic of which congenital heart defect?
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina is associated with which exposure in utero?
Mitral stenosis can lead to which complication?
Achilles tendon xanthomas are most characteristic of which disorder caused by absent or defective LDL receptors?
Lead poisoning commonly presents with which triad of symptoms?
A port-wine stain on the face is most commonly associated with which syndrome?
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, and lymphadenopathy suggest Whipple disease due to which organism?
Ketamine acts as an antagonist at which receptor?
Which vessel accompanies the axillary nerve in the quadrangular space and can be injured with shoulder dislocation?
Friedreich ataxia is caused by a GAA repeat expansion and is inherited in which pattern?
Riboflavin cofactor is also known as which of the following?
Sawtooth infiltration of lymphocytes at the dermal-epidermal junction with Hepatitis C association is most characteristic of which condition?
Which ligament injury is typically involved in a high ankle sprain?
Which sign comprises muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, and hypotension, seen in cardiac tamponade?
Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
What is required for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a target exon?
Trisomy 13 is classically associated with which of the following features?
Epoprostenol is used to treat which condition?
Sodium bicarbonate is used for poisoning with which agent?
Which combination is used to treat Toxoplasma gondii infection?
Fractures of the femoral neck: which artery provides the majority of blood supply via retinacular vessels?
Which anticonvulsant is commonly preferred for the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures because of its favorable side-effect profile?
Gaucher disease most commonly affects which organ systems?
Which description best matches benzodiazepine withdrawal?
What is the primary action of the NF-kB/NOD2 pathway?
IL-6 produced by macrophages leads to the production of hepatic acute-phase proteins such as CRP, ferritin, fibrinogen, hepcidin, and amyloid. Which option lists these proteins?
Which of the following are recognized causes of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?
Which postpartum intervention prevents Rh incompatibility-related hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Which nutrient is essential in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects?
Potter sequence is associated with which amniotic fluid abnormality?
Which sign is most characteristic of scurvy?
A "chocolate cyst" of the ovary is most characteristic of which condition?
Which molecules are required for isotype switching?
In systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-dsDNA antibodies can provide prognostic information for renal involvement.
Hemidesmosomes interact with which transmembrane proteins?
Hartnup disease is due to defective absorption of which amino acid, leading to pellagra-like symptoms?
The Triangle of Calot is described as containing which structures?
Nosocomial pneumonia pathogens include which group?
Kartagener syndrome includes situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and which finding?
Limb defects (flipper limbs) are associated with which teratogen?
Which teratogen is associated with low birth weight, preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, and ADHD due to vasoconstriction and impaired oxygen delivery?
What is the minimum duration for a schizophrenia diagnosis in most criteria?
What is the first-line treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in AIDS patients?
About two weeks after a myocardial infarction, which process is most characteristic?
Which enzyme deficiency causes autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency?
A patient presents with mucosal neuromas, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. Which MEN syndrome is most likely?
Which cytokine mediates septic shock by activating the endothelium?
Medullary thyroid carcinoma is characterized by calcitonin deposits from which cells?
According to the material, which artery supplies the sigmoid colon?
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia is best described by which combination?
Which structure is listed as being contained in the femoral triangle along with the femoral artery?
Which nerve does NOT pass through the cavernous sinus?
Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by which pathology?
Which laboratory finding is characteristic of DIC?
Which statement describes cytokine secretion by Th2 cells?
Which sexually transmitted infection is commonly coinfected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Aplasia cutis congenita (absent patch of epidermis on the scalp) is associated with exposure to which teratogen?
Mitral stenosis is most often a consequence of which prior condition?
Methotrexate overdose is treated with which rescue agent?
A Trendelenburg sign due to superior gluteal nerve injury is commonly caused by intramuscular injection in which location?
Monozygotic twinning commonly results in which placental configuration?
Hereditary orotic aciduria is due to a defect in which enzyme?
Which proteins are virulence factors of the measles virus?
In adults and the elderly, which organism is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis?
Which statement about chorda tympani is true?
MHC class II molecules are expressed on which cells?
In nephrotic syndrome, podocyte effacement on electron microscopy with selective loss of albumin is most typical of which disease?
In multiple myeloma, the M protein most commonly consists of which immunoglobulins?
DiGeorge syndrome is best described as which of the following?
Linear deposition of IgG along glomerular and alveolar basement membranes is seen in which syndrome?
Pheochromocytoma arises from which cell lineage?
A key component in suicide risk reduction includes which action?
Black eschar on the face of a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis suggests infection with which organism?
Absolute risk reduction is correctly given by
Hyper-IgE syndrome is caused by mutation in which gene?
Licorice ingestion can inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, producing hypertension due to which condition?
Which combination of clinical features best describes classic alkaptonuria?
Disulfiram is used in alcohol dependence for what effect?
Psammoma bodies are commonly seen in which tumor?
Which hip ligament resists abduction of the hip and stabilizes the joint?
Which syndrome is caused by a microdeletion at 7q11.23 and is marked by elfin facies and extreme friendliness?
An enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node most commonly indicates metastasis from which primary cancer?
The thymus develops from which pharyngeal pouch?
Which muscle lies under the armpit and along the side of the thorax?
Which ligament is classically described as preventing posterior displacement of the femoral head?
Osteomyelitis in intravenous drug users is commonly associated with which pathogen?
Which antidote is used for overdose of thrombolytics such as tPA?
Which thyroid condition presents with a tender thyroid and granulomatous inflammation after a flu-like illness?
In the management of chronic gout, which drug class reduces uric acid production?
Carbamazepine exposure in pregnancy is associated with which of the following features?
Cyanosis at birth is classically associated with which congenital heart defect?
Which statement best differentiates bulimia nervosa from anorexia nervosa?
Neuroblastoma in children is associated with which features?
RAS (k-RAS) is an oncogene encoding which type of protein and is commonly mutated in which cancers?
Avascular necrosis is most commonly seen with fracture of which wrist bone?
Housemaid's knee refers to inflammation of which structure?
Which factor blocks IL-2 production?
Maple syrup urine disease results from a defect in which enzyme complex?
Increased osteoclastic activity followed by osteoblastic activity with bone pain and enlargement is characteristic of which bone disorder?
Which histologic type of breast cancer is described as tubular with good prognosis, while mucinous variants have poorer prognosis?
Hartnup disease leads to pellagra-like dermatitis due to deficiency of which vitamin?
The marginal zone of the spleen is rich in which cells?
Which statement best describes lithium's adverse effects on urine concentration and thyroid function?
A male with urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis is most consistent with which condition?
Vincristine primarily inhibits microtubule formation during which cell cycle phase, and what is a common adverse effect?
DPC4/SMAD4 is a tumor suppressor gene primarily associated with which cancer?
Which neurological sign, elicited by stroking the sole, indicates an upper motor neuron lesion?
Rectangular, crystal-like cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells are called Reinke crystals. They are associated with which tumor?
Which chelation therapy is used for iron overdose?
Which nerve supplies the palatoglossus muscle?
Absolute erythrocytosis is characterized by increased red blood cell mass; which condition is a classic example?
Which enzyme deficiency underlies Crigler-Najjar syndrome, causing severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?
Oral/esophageal candidiasis is commonly treated with which antifungal agent?
Salivary gland swelling in binge eating/purging subtype?
Which lipid storage disease typically presents with hepatosplenomegaly due to sphingomyelin accumulation?
A lesion of the internal capsule typically produces which deficit?
Which activities occur within the nucleus?
Ostium primum ASD is located in which portion of the atrial septum?
Which histologic feature is associated with pilocytic astrocytoma?
Sensitivity is defined as
Burton line on the gingiva is characteristic of poisoning with which metal?
Which immunoglobulins fix complement?
Which inheritance pattern does von Willebrand disease most commonly show?
Eburnation refers to a polished ivory-like appearance of bone due to cartilage erosion in osteoarthritis. Which joint is typically spared?
Which medications are commonly implicated in acute interstitial nephritis?
A monoclonal antibody spike on serum protein electrophoresis is most characteristic of which plasma cell malignancy?
A short PR interval with a delta wave on ECG is characteristic of which condition?
Exposure to which drug is classically linked to limb defects described as flipper limbs?
Hypopituitarism is most commonly due to what lesion?
Which deficit is most characteristic of an internal capsule stroke?
Which condition is associated with a Gowers sign (child uses arms to stand up)?
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
Yellowish cerebrospinal fluid indicates which of the following?
Which medication is used to close a patent ductus arteriosus?
Which agent blocks progesterone and is used for medical abortion?
Which statement is NOT true about Ewing sarcoma?
Peroxisomes are primarily involved in which cellular function?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia with hypotension is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
The spleen is retroperitoneal: true or false?
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the quadriceps group?
Antimuscarinic overdose is treated with which agent?
Polyhydramnios is characterized by an excess of amniotic fluid and can be associated with maternal diabetes and fetal inability to swallow. Which option reflects this?
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma can develop from which precursor condition?
In children, primary cardiac tumor is most commonly which lesion, often associated with tuberous sclerosis?
What is the antidote for Digoxin (Digitalis) overdose?
Which medication is a direct oral anticoagulant used for long-term anticoagulation?
Nitric oxide is synthesized from which amino acid?
Trazodone is used for insomnia and has what primary mechanism and adverse effect?
Which class of drugs is first-line therapy for erectile dysfunction?
Diverticula are most commonly located in which part of the colon?
Maternal diabetes is a teratogen that can cause caudal regression syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, neural tube defects, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress syndrome. Which neonatal condition is classically associated with maternal diabetes?
Which class of medication should be avoided in hereditary angioedema due to bradykinin accumulation?
Where should a needle be inserted for thoracentesis to avoid the intercostal neurovascular bundle?
Lacunar strokes most commonly result from occlusion of which small penetrating arteries?
Which medication is a dopamine agonist used to treat prolactin-secreting tumors?
Osteoblastic metastases in the lumbar spine are classically associated with metastasis from which primary cancer?
Which teratogen is associated with abnormal fetal growth, fetal addiction, and placental abruption?
Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy are most suggestive of which inherited condition?
First-line treatment for minimal change disease is which therapy?
Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, petechiae, corkscrew hair are associated with deficiency of which vitamin?
Which finding helps differentiate a lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy from an upper motor neuron lesion?
Which set correctly lists the pericardial layers?
Which equation expresses drug clearance in terms of the volume of distribution and the elimination constant Ke?
Nutmeg appearance of the liver is seen with chronic passive congestion due to which conditions?
Which lymph node group drains all skin from the umbilicus downward, including the anus, but excludes the testes and posterior calf?
Which syndrome is associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1?
HLA-DR3 is associated with which of the following conditions?
Which medication is used for migraine prophylaxis?
Which part of an immunoglobulin molecule binds the antigen and which part binds to receptors?
Which glomerulonephritis in adults presents with hematuria after mucosal infections?
The 'double bubble' sign on neonatal imaging is associated with which condition?
For poisoning with mercury, arsenic, or gold, which chelation combination is used?
Low serum ceruloplasmin is a hallmark of which disorder?
The membrane attack complex (C5b-9) forms pores to lyse microbes. Which organism is particularly susceptible to MAC-mediated lysis?
Which agent is used to treat copper, arsenic, and gold overdose?
Lactose is composed of which two monosaccharides?
Failure of normal midgut rotation can result in which abnormal fixation?
Kinesin and dynein move along microtubules in which pattern?
Amyloid is best defined as which of the following?
In the alveolar gas equation, what does R stand for?
Which condition is most closely associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome?
In the simplified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, pH equals what expression?
The thumb sign on a lateral neck radiograph is most consistent with which diagnosis?
Mean arterial pressure can be calculated as MAP = CO x TPR. Which of the following is a correct representation of this relationship?
Which teratogen is associated with CN VIII toxicity leading to deafness?
6-mercaptopurine is used for ALL and is inactivated by xanthine oxidase; allopurinol increases its toxicity. Which of the following is true?
In a spinal epidural nerve block during labor, the anesthetic is injected into the epidural space at the sacral hiatus. Which statement best describes the effect?
A classic retinal finding in Tay-Sachs is which?
The S4 heart sound is best explained by which mechanism?
PR3-ANCA (c-ANCA) is most strongly associated with which condition?
Hemoglobin S results from a missense mutation in the beta-globin chain substituting which amino acid for glutamic acid?
Interferon alpha and beta primarily function in which host defense?
In the process of inflammatory leukocyte accumulation, which sequence correctly describes the steps involved?
Which artery is the anterior interventricular artery also known as?
Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for sideroblastic anemia?
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein is associated with which of the following cancers?
Which statement is true about MAO inhibitors?
A large rash with bull's-eye appearance is associated with which organism causing erythema migrans?
Which structures are listed as preventing uterine prolapse?
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by which condition?
Pneumatosis intestinalis on imaging is most characteristic of which condition?
Overdose of acetaminophen is treated with which antidote?
What histologic feature is classic for membranous nephropathy?
Papilled edema is best described as which of the following?
Positive predictive value is defined as
Which drug used for ALL is inactivated by xanthine oxidase, with toxicity increased by allopurinol?
Basal ganglia atrophy is a radiologic finding associated with which disease?
Oligohydramnios is associated with which condition?
Which antibodies are included in the ANA panel and associated with SLE?
A wiggle-shaped eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in a liver hepatocyte is best referred to as which of the following?
Which set of virulence proteins is associated with the virus that causes croup?
During phagocytosis, opsonization is achieved by which molecules?
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are associated with which conditions?
Gaucher disease is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
Loss of albumin binding can lead to hypocalcemia with symptoms such as muscle weakness and paresthesias. Which electrolyte disturbance is described?
In renal artery stenosis, which hormone is typically elevated?
Lactic acidosis in shock occurs primarily due to which mechanism?
Onion-skin periosteal reaction is a radiographic feature of which tumor?
Which type of kidney stone is associated with tumor lysis syndrome and gout and is typically rhomboid in shape?
Electrical alternans on an electrocardiogram is most strongly associated with which condition?
In thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which of the following describes the underlying defect?
Which statement about IL-10 is false?
Renal cell carcinoma tends to metastasize via which route?
Which antibiotic is commonly used for MSSA infections?
Which antiviral is used to treat CMV infections?
Which finding is characteristic of minimal change disease on light microscopy?
Which equation correctly relates renal plasma flow to renal blood flow given hematocrit?
Cyanosis that occurs later in life is more commonly associated with which defects?
Which artery supplies the midgut?
Antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with which antibody that can cause prolonged PTT in laboratory testing?
Which intervention is known to reduce morbidity in measles?
Which atypical antipsychotic is notably associated with agranulocytosis?
A fever, chills, headache, and myalgia occurring after antibiotic treatment for syphilis is due to which reaction?
A ball-and-valve obstruction by a left atrial myxoma most classically presents with which symptom during exertion?
GFAP is a marker for which cells?
Which agent is used to prevent cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis?
TMP-SMX is used as prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in AIDS patients.
Upper motor neuron damage presents with which of the following signs?
In Down syndrome, which congenital heart defect is the most common?
The patellar reflex tests the L4 nerve root, and the Achilles reflex tests the S1 nerve root. Which option correctly pairs these roots?
Hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyps with mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation of the mouth and lips are features of which syndrome?
Which medication is a commonly used stimulant for ADHD?
Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules are pathognomonic of which kidney condition?
Telomerase performs what function?
Which hemoglobin variant forms crystals in red blood cells?
Deficiency of which enzyme leads to accumulation of ceramide trihexoside?
Rett syndrome presentation gender and age between 1-4?
Which combination is used to treat Toxoplasma gondii infection?
Uvula deviation toward the healthy side indicates damage to which nerve?
Vigabatrin exerts its effect by which mechanism?
Holosystolic murmurs are classically heard in which condition?
Teratomas are typically benign in women and malignant in men.
The MDR1 gene product functions as what?
Golden brown rings around the cornea, known as Kayser-Fleischer rings, are seen in which disorder?
Nursemaid's elbow injury involves displacement around which structure of the elbow?
Primaquine is specifically used to eradicate which stage of malaria?
Desmin intermediate filament is primarily expressed in which cell type?
The translocation t(14;18) is most commonly associated with which type of lymphoma?
HER2/neu positive breast cancer treatment uses which targeted therapy?
Antinuclear antibodies are most closely associated with which disease?
Anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and anti-B2-glycoprotein-1 are associated with which condition?
An apple-core lesion on barium enema is most often seen with cancer on which side of the colon?
Refractory peptic ulcers with high gastrin levels are characteristic of which syndrome, often associated with MEN1?
Which medication is used to treat ADHD and decreases reuptake of NE and dopamine?
Homeobox genes code for transcription factors important for morphogenesis. Approximately how many nucleotides comprise the homeobox domain?
Bamboo spine on X-ray is characteristic of which condition?
MEN1 is an autosomal dominant tumor suppressor (2 hit) encoding Menin; it predisposes to which tumors?
Which bleeding disorder is characterized by enlarged platelets and thrombocytopenia with a defective ristocetin agglutination test?
What is the treatment approach for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Watery diarrhea and a garlic odor are characteristic of poisoning with which element?
Which feature is characteristic of cystic fibrosis but not of primary ciliary dyskinesia?
Which syndrome presents with periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia?
Which vitamin deficiency is most associated with neurologic deficits and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?
In adults with a cardiac tumor, which statement best matches common etiologies and typical location?
Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) are most closely associated with which condition?
Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with which antibodies?
Which infant vascular tumor enlarges initially and then involutes spontaneously by childhood?
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause is known as which term?
What is the inheritance pattern of phenylketonuria?
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is most commonly inherited as which pattern?
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is due to defect in which enzyme complex?
Which option correctly matches each leukemia subtype with its typical age group?
Steeple sign on chest radiograph is most characteristic of which condition?
Fibular neck fracture commonly injures which nerve, causing an inability to evert the foot?
Measles is associated with Koplik spots and an increased risk of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Which disease is being described?
Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Which of the following is an NNRTI used in HIV therapy?
IFN-γ has what effect on MHC?
Teres minor is innervated by which nerve?
Which cytoplasmic inclusion is classically seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia?
Rectouterine pouch is located between which structures?
Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails are most characteristic of which condition?
Which disease is most commonly associated with anti-Scl-70 antibodies (anti-DNA topoisomerase I)?
Dermatomyositis is associated with which inflammatory pattern and cancer risk?
Which nerve loops under the arch of the aorta and can cause hoarseness when the aorta enlarges?
Which statement is NOT a feature of macular degeneration?
Which factor initiates the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
What is a common method to immunosuppress transplant recipients?
Radiographic finding of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants is which of the following?
Odds ratio in a case-control study is calculated as
Which ligament is commonly involved in a low ankle sprain due to inversion?
What is the definitive therapy for SCID?
Which agent is a mood stabilizer used in bipolar disorder?
Which class of antiretrovirals does not require activation by intracellular phosphorylation?
Which findings are characteristic of Bell’s palsy?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is associated with which nephrotic syndrome demographic?
DRESS syndrome is defined by which combination of features?
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is due to kidney unresponsiveness to PTH caused by defective Gs protein. Which of the following best describes the clinical features?
Gastric ulcers that occur after severe burns due to hypovolemia are classically known as which type?
Vascular dementia is characterized by which pattern of cognitive decline?
Rovsing sign is described by RLQ pain on palpation of the LLQ; which sign is this?
Anticardiolipin antibodies can yield a false-positive serology for which infection?
In Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, which organ system is commonly affected by microthrombi?
In an AIDS patient, dark purple skin or mouth nodules most likely represent which tumor?
Which cytokines contribute to granuloma formation?
Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by which pathology?
Rouleaux formation on a peripheral blood smear is most characteristic of which condition?
B cells in the spleen are concentrated in which structures?
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth often occurs after gastric bypass and causes deficiencies in all vitamins except which ones?
During ethanol metabolism, an increased NADH/NAD+ ratio leads to which metabolic consequence?
Tight junctions are composed of which proteins?
Bone metastases are most commonly from which primary cancers, in order of frequency?
Southern blot is used to detect which type of nucleic acid?
Which X-linked disorder presents with peripheral neuropathy of the hands and feet, angiokeratomas, and renal failure?
Which karyotype is characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome?

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